In addition to our mangrove initiative Aramco is working on other nature-based solutions such as developing algae ponds and photo bioreactors that are expected to reduce thousands of tons of CO 2 emissions from across our operations. Our mangrove plantation initiative to restore lost mangrove habitats in the Kingdom’s coastal areas is a voluntary sustainability community initiative to protect the natural habitats and ecosystems our company relies on. Mangrove trees act as an effective, natural carbon sink. In line with CCE, Aramco’s initiative to protect, plant and restore millions of mangrove trees inside and outside the Kingdom will absorb carbon and enhance biodiversity, while also prioritizing water conservation, treatment and reuse. Nature-based solutions also play an important role in removing carbon as part of the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) - the framework promoted by the Kingdom and adopted by the G20 member states during Saudi Arabia’s presidency of the G20. Alternatively, CO 2 can be sequestered by cultivating algae, which can be harvested and processed to produce useful products like biofuel and protein-rich animal feed. Mangrove trees, for example, sequester carbon far more effectively and permanently than terrestrial forests. Finally, nature can act as a natural carbon sink.Bio Energy Carbon Capture and Storage technologies extract and store CO 2 from biomass, itself a renewable energy source Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a clean energy technology that aims to capture emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2), a greenhouse gas (GHG), before they are released into the atmosphere from fossil-fuelled power plants and industrial facilities.Direct Air Capture (DAC) processes capture CO 2 directly from the atmosphere (rather than at source), to be sequestered or utilized. Mobile Carbon Capture technologies capture CO 2 from mobile sources and store the gas on board, ready for sequestration or utilization.Utilization means using captured CO2 directly - for example in manufacturing cement - or converting captured CO2 and other gases into useful industrial products like chemicals or fuels.Enhanced Oil Recovery involves extracting oil from oil fields by changing the original properties of oil, such as chemical flooding, carbon dioxide injection, or thermal recovery.Sequestration technologies deposit captured CO 2 in geological formations.Capture technologies take CO 2 from exhaust or reformed gases or stationary sources using pre-combustion, post-combustion or oxy-combustion techniques.
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